Paper Parasol

The paper parasol is believed to have originated in China during the Han dynasty (206 BCE–220 CE), with the earliest known examples dating to the 1st century CE. These early umbrellas were made of mulberry bark paper coated with wax or lacquer, later replaced by tung oil for waterproofing. They spread to Japan via Buddhist monks and to Southeast Asia through trade routes, where they were adapted to local materials and styles. In Japan, the wagasa (和傘) became a refined craft during the Heian period (794–1185), used by aristocrats and in tea ceremonies. The oil-paper umbrella reached its peak in the Qing dynasty (1644–1912), when it was a common accessory for both men and women, and was also used in religious ceremonies and as wedding gifts.

A traditional paper parasol is crafted from a bamboo frame, paper, and tung oil. The frame consists of a central handle, ribs, and stretchers, all made from bamboo, which is chosen for its flexibility and strength. The paper is typically made from bark of the mulberry tree (kozo in Japan) or bamboo pulp, and is cut into panels that are glued onto the ribs. After assembly, the umbrella is coated with several layers of tung oil, which dries to form a waterproof and durable surface. The number of ribs varies from 24 to 48, with more ribs providing greater stability and a smoother canopy. The entire process is done by hand, and a single umbrella can take several days to complete. In some regions, such as Fuzhou in China, the paper is dyed with natural pigments, creating vibrant colors and patterns.

Beyond its practical function, the paper parasol holds deep cultural meaning. In China, it symbolizes good fortune and is often given as a gift at weddings, as the Chinese word for umbrella (san) sounds like the word for 'scatter' or 'spread', representing the wish for many children. In Japan, the wagasa is used in traditional dances, tea ceremonies, and as a decorative element in gardens and temples. In Southeast Asia, particularly in Thailand and Vietnam, paper parasols are used in festivals and religious processions. They also appear in art and literature, such as in the famous Japanese woodblock prints of ukiyo-e, where they are depicted as elegant accessories. In modern times, they are often used as decorative items or in cultural performances, and are prized by collectors for their craftsmanship.

Distinct regional styles of paper parasols have emerged over centuries. In China, the Fuzhou oil-paper umbrella is renowned for its fine craftsmanship, with over 80 steps in its production. The Sichuan-style umbrella features a more rounded shape and is often painted with landscapes. In Japan, the wagasa is made in several centers, including Kyoto and Gifu, each with its own characteristics: Kyoto's umbrellas are often used for tea ceremonies and are more delicate, while Gifu's are sturdier for daily use. In Korea, the jang-woo is a similar oil-paper umbrella, though it is less common today. These regional variations reflect local materials and cultural preferences, and many are designated as intangible cultural heritage. For example, the craft of making oil-paper umbrellas in Fuzhou was listed as a national intangible cultural heritage in China in 2006.

Beyond the well-known uses, paper parasols have had niche applications. In the 19th century, they were used as photographic props in early portrait studios, as their translucent paper diffused light. In some parts of China, they were used as a form of currency in rural areas during the Qing dynasty, as they were valuable and portable. The paper parasol also played a role in military history: during the Sino-Japanese War, Chinese soldiers used them as camouflage to hide from aerial reconnaissance. In modern times, they have been repurposed in fashion, with designers incorporating them into haute couture shows. Additionally, the craft of making paper parasols is at risk of dying out, as fewer young people learn the trade; however, there are efforts to revive it, such as workshops and exhibitions. One notable figure is Wang Liguo, a master craftsman from Fuzhou, who has been making umbrellas for over 40 years and has trained apprentices to preserve the tradition.

Tung oil

A drying oil extracted from the seeds of the tung tree (Vernicia fordii), used to waterproof paper and wood.

Wagasa

The Japanese term for a traditional oil-paper umbrella, often used in tea ceremonies and festivals.

Ribs

The thin, flexible bamboo strips that form the framework of an umbrella, supporting the canopy.